Sebastian Henderson Essays (933 words) - Devon, Academic Dishonesty

Sebastian Henderson Prof Owen Sutkowski COM 231-75 4/25/2017 Diagram I. Presentation A. As of late in the news there have been numerous instances of scholastic extortion at colleges, for example, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of Tennessee and Florida State University. B. A few cases have been about Universities driving misrepresentation, for example, the ones recorded previously. In any case, a few schools have been defending competitors attempting to get them the assist they with requiring, for example, Clemson University, East Carolina University, and the University of Florida. C. There ought to be special cases to the uprightness rule on the grounds that the understudy competitors can't get the assistance that they have to do well in school. Likewise that schools are fixing grades, and the base evaluation guide normal prerequisite toward play school football is unreasonably low for competitors to increase quality training. II. Body Paragraph 1 A. The issue of Academic Fraud and Academic respectability is a genuineness issue. Additionally the article it is in is befuddling and is brimming with escape clauses B.It is once in a while said that instruction is the main business where the less one accommodates the value the more satisfied clients are - the vast majority of us, when we are understudies, welcome a three day weekend from class or a schoolwork free weeknight. Competitors are the same, and the awards of rivalry in a zone of their extraordinary aptitudes have the potential for some to debilitate further the promise to coursework and class participation. C. Staff make a solid effort to draw in understudies in learning, and maybe in no other region does a college signal an improper prioritization of games over scholastics than when, by strategy or by regulatory choices, it sends the message that preparation or rivalries take need over class participation and coursework. D. A great deal of schools have controlled these principles and escape clauses III. Body Paragraph 2 a. The pioneers among those schools are The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Florida State University, The University of Tennessee, Auburn University, Notre Dame and numerous others. b. These Universities have been blamed and some for them saw as liable of knocking SAT ACT scores alongside knocking up GPA's and grades. SAT score as low as 400's, ACT scores as low as 13's and GPA's as low as 1.25's(ESPN.com). c. Additionally a portion of the schools are offering courses, for example, demonstration classes, classes that competitors don't need to appear for the class the whole year then you come in to take midterms and finals and you get an evaluation for it. d. At that point there are the cases, for example, Devon Ramsey. IV. Body Paragraph 3 A. Devon Ramsay was a fullback at The University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, in his lesser year and was outstanding amongst other Fullback's in his draft class. B. Devon was Sociology major and he was chipping away at a three page paper named Industrialized Nations. C. Being on the football crew, to assist offset with tutoring and football, Devon went to one of the group coaches. He messaged this mentor the paper so she could assist him with spelling and syntactic blunders. D. She checked and reexamined a tad bit of the paper and sent it back to Devon with the seal of endorsement. Devon turned in the paper .Later that week, Devon's Coach called him into his office( Reily , Katie). V. Body Paragraph 4 A. Devon was educated that he was engaged with a NCAA examination for his infringement of the Academic Integrity rule due to unlawful outside help on his paper B. Devon was stunned he was very worried because of the way that he didn't do anything besides get a little required assistance on a paper for a genuine class. Ramsay was then informed that he could no longer completion the season while under scrutiny. C. Devon was sorrowful in light of the fact that this couldn't just destroy his opportunity of playing genius ball yet he could be ousted in the event that he is seen as liable. Fortunately Robert Orr, a North Carolina attorney caught wind of this case and needed to battle this foul play. D. Furthermore, before Devon's Senior the choice was turned around by the NCAA. Unfortunately, Devon tore his ACL the fourth round of the period. However, tragically, Devon isn't

Cerebral Function free essay sample

This paper talks about a portion of the significant cerebral capacities and furthermore surveys the examination completed by psycho-language specialist Barbara Lust. The accompanying paper looks at the manner by which Barbara Lust, a psycho-etymologist excuses the old idea that youngsters learn language through replicating and talks about her view that it is the mind of a kid that sets him up for learning the complexities of a language. The paper likewise addresses some other significant capacities including the ones performed by the frontal projections. Cerebral capacities are not actually the most straightforward of things to get a handle on and understand, as cerebrum itself is an organ loaded with perplexing complexities. Cerebrum is truly the fundamental control room of the whole body and in this way whatever a man does, learns or says is straightforwardly or by implication an element of the mind. We will compose a custom exposition test on Cerebral Function or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It is along these lines intriguing to comprehend what are the absolute generally significant and complex obligations of the mind. One of the essential occupations of mind is to set us up to respond to what occurs in our condition on regular schedule. As it were, our mind should direct our reactions to conditions, this is the thing that keeps us alert and conscious by putting away late memory in the frontal flaps of the cerebrum which are regularly alluded to as the Gatekeeper.

2012 Update on Transfers - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2/23/2012 Update on Transfers - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2/23/2012 Update on Transfers Here is a quick update on the Transfer Applicants for Summer and Fall of 2012. Please remember that the Summer deadline is still a week away, and the Fall deadline is still over a month away, so all numbers are based only on todays date. So far, about 450 students have applied as Summer 2012 transfers. At this time, we have reviewed and made decisions on about half of the files. There are also a small number of applicants who are incomplete (my estimate is about 100), so we hope to have a majority of the Summer transfer decisions out within the next few weeks. Please remember that there will be some files that are more difficult and will take more time, that more people will apply over the next week, which could shift timelines, etc. Please be patient. At this time, roughly 1500 applications have been submitted for Fall 2012 transfer admission. We will not begin the review of these files until we have completed the summer files, although there will be some overlap as we get into the final summer files and documents are being sent in at the last minute for summer applicants. I do not have any better date of when we will begin reviewing fall transfers than this, so please be patient. Last year, we had about 2,500 fall transfer applicants, and in 2010 we had just under 3,000, so I do not want to guess about how many we might receive overall for 2012. With that stated, here are things not to ask: When will I hear back on a transfer decision? Where is your office as far as the date being reviewed? I have X GPA and Y hours. Will I be admitted? Will X course transfer in (see the Transfer Equiv)? Does UGA like me, check yes or no? Do I have to send in all my transcripts from all colleges attended? Does the 4/1 deadline really apply for all fall applications and transcripts? I hope this helps, and Go Dawgs!

Why Teaching is Fun

Full Disclosure: Inspiration can come from anywhere. This morning I was telling my seven-year-old son that I had to write an article. I told him that I did not even know what I was going to write about. He immediately said, â€Å"Why don’t you write about why teaching is fun.† Thank you Kaden for inspiring me! Teaching is fun! If you are a teacher and do not generally agree with that statement, then perhaps it is time for you to find another career choice. I would agree that there are days when fun is not a word I would use to describe my profession. There are times when teaching is frustrating, disappointing, and disheartening. However, generally speaking, it is a fun profession for many reasons. Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because no two days are the same. Each day brings a different challenge and a different outcome. Even after teaching for twenty years, the next day will present something you haven’t seen before.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you get to see those â€Å"light bulb† moments. That is the moment where everything just clicks for a student. It is in these moments that students are able to take the information learned and apply it to real life situations.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you get to explore the world with your students on field trips. It is fun to get out of the classroom from time to time. You get to expose students to environments that they may not otherwise be exposed to.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you are instantly a role model. Your students naturally look up to you. They often hang on your every word. In their eyes, you can do no wrong. You have a tremendous influence on them.Teach ing is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you can see growth and improvement as a result of your time with your students.   It is amazing how much your students will grow from the beginning to the end of the year. Knowing it is a direct result of your hard work is satisfying.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you get to see students who fall in love with learning.   It does not happen with every student, but for the ones who do it is special.   The sky is the limit for a student who genuinely loves to learn.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you grow, develop, and change as you gain more teaching experience.   Good teachers are constantly tinkering with how they operate their classroom. They are never satisfied with the status quo.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦because you help students set and reach goals. Goal setting is a huge part of a teacher’s job. We not only help students set goals, but we celebrate with them when they reach them.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because it gives the opportunity to have a positive impact on young people on daily basis.   Every day presents an opportunity to make a difference. You never know when something you do or say will make an impact.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you see former students, and they thank you for making a difference.   It is extremely gratifying when you see former students in public, and they share their success stories and give you credit for impacting their life.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because you get to build close relationships with other teachers who share similar experiences and understand the commitment that it takes to be an excellent teacher.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because of a friendly school calendar.   We are routinely discounted for getting summers off when most of us spend time honing our craft during those few months. However, having holidays off and a lengthy transition period between school years is a plus.T eaching is fun..........because you can help recognize, encourage, and cultivate talent.   As teachers recognize when students have talent in areas such as art or music. We are able to steer these talented students towards the gifts they are naturally blessed with.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you see former students grow up and become successful adults.   As a teacher, one of your major goals is to have every student eventually make positive contributions to society. You succeed when they succeed.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you are able to work collaboratively with parents for the benefit of the student. It is a beautiful thing when parents and teachers work together throughout the educational process. No one benefits more than the student.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you invest in improving the culture of your school and can see a significant difference.   Teachers work hard to help other teachers improve. They also work diligently to impr ove the overall school climate and provide a safe learning environment.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you see your students excel in extracurricular activities.   Extracurricular activities such as athletics play a critical role in schools across America. A sense of pride is developed when your students are successful in these activities.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..because you are given opportunities to reach a child that no one else has been able to reach.   You cannot reach them all, but you always hope that someone else comes along who can.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you have a creative idea for a lesson and the students absolutely love it.   You want to create lessons that become legendary. Lessons that students talk about and look forward to having you in class just to experience them.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when at the end of a rough day and student comes up and gives you hug or tells you how much they appreciate you. A hug fr om an elementary age or a thank you from an older student can instantly improve your day.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you have a group of students who want to learn and mesh with your personality.   You can accomplish so much when you and your students are on the same page. Your students will grow exponentially when that is the case.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because it opens up other opportunities to be involved in your community.   Teachers are some of the most recognizable faces in a community.   Being involved in community organizations and projects is rewarding.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when parents recognize the difference you have made in their child and express their gratitude.   Unfortunately, teachers do not often get the recognition for their contributions that they deserve. When a parent expresses gratitude, it makes it worthwhile.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦because each student provides a different challenge.   This keeps you on your toes with no chance of being bored. What works for one student or one class may or may not work for the next.Teaching is fun†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦when you work with a group of teachers whom all have similar personalities and philosophies.   Being surrounded by a group of like-minded teachers makes the job easier and more enjoyable.

Meaning of Kaku in Japanese

Kaku is a Japanese word meaning to write or to describe. Learn more about its meaning and usage in Japanese below. Pronunciation Click here to listen to the audio file. Meaning to write; to put down; to compose; to describe; to draw Japanese Characters æ› ¸Ã£   㠁‹ã   Example Translation Watashi wa mainichi nikki o kaiteiru.ç § Ã£  ¯Ã¦ ¯Å½Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¨ ¨ËœÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¦â€º ¸Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£â‚¬â€š or in English: I keep a diary every day

Rocket and Evolution Free Essays

History of Rockets Our time there has been an evolution in our history of rockets. It has been one man-kinds greatest invention for thousands of years. Rockets date back to 400 B. We will write a custom essay sample on Rocket and Evolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now C in the city Tarentum from a roman writer named Aulus Gellius as he tells a story of a Greek, named Archytas. Archytas used his invention to amuse and baffle the people by flying a wooden pigeon using steam to propel the bird suspended off wires. Couple three hundred years later after the invention of Archytas flying pigeon another Greek, Hero of Alexandria invented a something similar rocket device called an aeolipile, also using steam as gas to make it rise off the ground. Hero described using the device by mounting a sphere on top of a water kettle, as the fire below the kettle, turned the water into steam, making the gas travel through the pipes to the sphere. On too two L-shaped tubes on opposite sides of the sphere which allowed the gas to escape, and that so gave trust to the sphere causing it to rotate. It is still unclear when the first rockets appeared. There have been stories, of such rocket type inventions from time to time through records of various cultures. Could be that the first true rockets could of came from anywhere. Chinese records have indicated that in the first century A. D, reportedly used gunpowder. To create explosives for religious festivals, using bamboo tubes and adding the gunpowder to make it propel. Later on the Chinese began experimenting with the tubes and attaching them to arrows launching them and making them explode, this making the first rocket. The date reporting the first true use of rockets was in 1232. During this time there was a war between the Chinese and Mongols in the battle of kai-keng, the Chinese repelled the invasion using a bombardment of â€Å"arrows of flying fire† said kai-keng. The rocket was a tube containing gunpowder on one-half, and the other a long stick. As soon as the powder was lighted it launched using the stick as a guidance flying through the air hitting its target. All through the 13th to the 15th centuries there were many reports of rocket experiments all the way through Europe. As in England a monk named Roger Bacon worked on increasing the range of the rockets. In France, Jean Froissart found a technique to make the flight of the rocket by launching those using tubes. Froissart idea was the forerunner of the modern bazooka. Not only were rockets used for weapons of war, but for a firework display. A German fireworks maker, Johann Schmilap inventor of the â€Å"step rocket† it was a rocket designed to go to higher altitudes and showering the sky with sparks. Johann was a true pioneer in the idea of rockets of today that go into outer space. During the latter part of the 17th century, the scientific foundations for modern rocketry were laid the great English scientist sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). Newton gave his fundamentals on understanding the physical motion of a rocket, into three laws. These laws explain how rockets work and why they are able to work. Newton’s laws were used on the design of rockets. This would lead up to the evolution of rocket engines. A Dutch professor, Willem Gravesande, thought of such an idea by building model cars propelled by jets of steam. Germany and Russia began on working with a 45 kilogram rocket. During that time rockets were so powerful that the flames will make deep holes in the ground as soon as it lifts off. Coming toward the 18th century and 19th century it was more common that rockets were use as war weapons. A British colonel William Congreve, he set a design of rockets that would be the highly successful in battles. Used by British ships to pound Fort McHenry in the War of 1812, which inspired Francis Scott Key to write â€Å"the rockets’ red glare,† words in his poem that later, became The Star- Spangled Banner. By 1898, a Russian school teacher, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) was one of the first to propose the idea of space exploration by a rocket. In a report published in 1903, hos idea was the use of liquid propellants for rockets in order to get a greater range. Such ideas had to be carefully researched in order for a greater vision. Tsiolkovsky was the father of the modern astronautics. An American Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945) used ideas like Tsiolkovsky in a way of achieving higher altitudes, by 1919; his idea lead a method of reaching extreme altitudes. It was a mathematical analysis of what today we call the meteorological sounding rocket. Goddard continued his experiments, convincing him that a rocket could be propelled better by liquid fuel. Although it was a much more difficult task than building a common solid rocket this liquid fuel rocket consisted of fuel and oxygen tanks, turbines, and combustion chambers that would be needed. In spite of the difficulties, Goddard achieved the first successful flight with a liquid- propellant rocket on March 16, 1926. Goddard’s rocket was the forerunner of a whole new era in rocket flight. His experiments continued for several years becoming bigger and going higher making his achievements to be called the father of modern rocketry. A third great space pioneer, Hermann Oberth (1894-1989) published a book in 1923 about ricket travel into outer space. His Writings were important because of them; many rocket societies sprang up around the world. Such like the society the Verein fut Raumschiffart (Society for space travel), that led to development of the V-2 rocket used for WWII. Rocket like the V-2 Germans designed such a weapon for advanced missiles capable to hit the U. S. but with the fall of Germany, many unused V-2 rockets and components were captured by the Allies. Many German rocket scientists came to the United States. Others went to the Soviet Union. Both the United States and the Soviet Union realized the potential of rocketry as a military weapon and began a variety of experimental program, leading to long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles development like the Redstone, atlas, and titan that would eventually launch astronauts into space. This became the starting point of the U. S space program. On October 4, 1957 man-kind finally achieved to launch an earth-orbiting artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union. It was called the sputnik I, being successful for the race for space between the two superpower nations. Few months later the United States followed in launching one of its own rockets (explored I) on January 31, 1958, then United States formally organized its space program by creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA became a civilian agency with the goal of peaceful exploration of space for the benefit of all humankind. Soon, many people and machines were being launched into space. Astronauts orbited Earth and landed on the Moon. Robot spacecraft traveled to the planets. Space was suddenly opened up to exploration and commercial exploitation. Since the earliest days of discovery and experimentation, rockets have evolved from simple gunpowder devices into giant vehicles capable of traveling into outer space. Rockets have opened the universe to direct exploration by humankind. Hero of Alexandria kai-Keng Rockets Sir Isaac NewtonBritish rocket battles Robert H. Goddard Rocket design References http://library. thinkquest. org/J0112188/history_of_rocketry. htm http://inventors. about. com/od/rstartinventions/a/Rockets. htm http://en. m. wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_rockets http://www. smithsonianmag. com/ideas-innovations/The-History-of-Rocket-Science-187941951. html? device=android http://www. history. com/this-day-in-history/first-liquid-fueled-rocket http://www. luna-city. com/space/rockets. html How to cite Rocket and Evolution, Essay examples

Intelligence can Change - and How can Measure

Question: Intelligence: Discuss if intelligence can change, and how such changes can be measured. Answer: Introduction The psychology of cognitive that to refer all of the process by the sensory input which is too reduced, transformed, stored, elaborated, used and recovered. This is to paradigm intriguing that the debate is ongoing on to the intelligence to the place taken. This is the elusive most and most discussed topic of the psychology because of the defining intelligence difficulties and how to measure this, this is to find investigate to alluring this particular area. In this intelligence to defining the most of the reflect definition that to reflect the approach of psychometric, that is to differences measuring in threw of individuals tests such as the tests of IQ. These divided definition can divided those into somewhat being narrow, this is to seen specially in the general intelligence concept, and the suggesting of those in a view of broader, that to try more incorporate than the cognitive purely point of view. Now, into other hand, those people who are reject the idea of intelligence as t he noun but advocate would using the activity of intelligent notation that is the instead adjective. This controversy must continuing an important role at the time of whether investigate this concept of intangible is changeable because of the scores IQ are necessarily same as the intelligence and some of the limitation to the inferences (Chuderski, 2014). Defined Intelligence In many different ways intelligence has been defined such as in terms of capacity for thought abstract, logic, self-awareness, learning, communication, emotional knowledge, planning, memory, problem solving and creativity. This also can be generally more described as the perceive information ability and as knowledge retaining for itself to applying or instance other of information or knowledge, thereby referable creating models understanding of any type of size, complexity or density due to any of the subconscious or conscious imposed will or instruction to do so (Dempsey, 2011). Now the question comes to this scenario that is intelligence inherited? To answer the question, this is accepted generally that the inherited intelligence can also be environment related. At the time of showed studies that the important factor is heredity in the intelligence determining; this also suggested that the critical factor is the environment in extent determining of its expression. The investigation recently done reveled that of seventy percent differences in between twins. The scores of I.Q. were inherited to Attributable traits. From the past studies that to suggest about approx fifty percent of the score differences that were inherited. This is the thing which shows the volume of grey matter is determined strongly by the genes, and the cognitive reflected performance. This was suggested also that there is the genetic strong influence on to the IQ, spatial attributes and verbal, thats why in the short genes to determine the intelligence quality, the ability to process and integrate information. The intelligence level determines that how well to changes cope in to the environment. This is to belief that the culture and the race have the share in as well intelligence, but there is no conclusion confirmed that varies the intelligence from the race to race. The factors of the environment may play a role; in fact they are showing too capable of the mental process slowing down more than of enhancing. No evidence to indicate that can increased the environment intelligence to the level of relatively high. That is also easier to inherently to brain tissue degrade then more complex to create the brain tissue. In the brain structure enhancement required the evolutionary selection of long period, in addition of the extraneous availability of the energy source. At the time of degradation of brain can happen in the shorter time relatively (Hampson, 2011). Can change the level of IQ This is to seem that the evidence of convincing that to scores IQ can increased. Experts said that under the right condition, and opportunity given that the intelligence of the young persons considerably can be increased. In the program of invention most of the black families were involved, that to began at the continued and birth until the school started by the children. Maximum mothers are job training received and sent were to the school so to improve the environment of the children. At the time of school started the group of experimental average had an IQ of 120.7 whereas average of control groups was 87.2. Over the time, these closed score in on to the each other. At the age of ten, they were respectively 104 and 86, and at the age limit of 12-14, they were respectively 100 and 90. These scores of IQ average reflection of the levels lower of the city of Milwaukee, that to includes the environment that can be change the attribute in IQ. The promising results were seemed that are not demanded necessarily example is the born being into the classes lower of the society and under that the right conditions, changes considerable can be observed, thus the clearly results malleability supported of measured intelligence as IQ (Harris, 2011). This kind of similar research studied institutionalized 111 children of Romanian, who to adopt into the families English before the age of two and remarkable found catch-up mental (Wilhelm, Hildebrandt Oberauer, 2013). The experienced children had served the psychological deprivation and to compare the standards of English, there were the difficulties in height, weight and circumference head. This horrible start despite, they showed children mental significant and catch-up physical by the age of four, their resembling peers English at point of this; moreover, the children earlier adopted, catch-up for the greater opportunities. Concluded also that malnutrition effects is dependent appear to be of the prevention psychological in spite of data ('How America can create jobs', 2013). Malleability Criticisms In spite of evidence overwhelming is malleability supporting of the intelligence, some of the researches that did not support the idea and adopting primarily a genetic approach (Jauovec Jauovec, 2012). The IQ coefficients stability that to be seems impressive, are large number based and seem therefore to blur individual differences. The investigating study of stability IQ found that changed IQ on 28 points average from the age of two-and-a-half to the seventeen. For the supported study to stability of IQ, the 28 points average chance is very much and contrasts in the changes large, one would expect the minimum of changes. Therefore the study cannot support to the past assumption that the IQ determined genetically scores (Lane, 2012). The study that to support the scores of IQ as determined genetically is the important study within the reviewing genetics performed twin studies. The indication of the study that the genes more two share of individual, are resemble likely each other more of their IQ scores that is twins of monozygotic have the correlation stronger that to ordinary siblings (0.5). In future study, point towards an important advocate genetic: apart from MZs reared are similar more in the scores of IQ than the similar sex twins dizygotic together reared. Dizygotic twins are not more to like genetically, then the ordinary two siblings; however this supports a notion relationship of genetic strong- at the end of it stronger than the influence environments. Supporting determinism generic, the study that indicates does not to the scores of IQ that are determined entirely by the genetics (Ransom, 2012). Criticisms to response The changeability criticisms of the intelligence not have been able to fact disputed that the malleable intelligence. Within the genetic approach research including studies of twin has to indicate a generic important inherited influence in the scores of IQ but does not rule out that the plays of environment a role of significant that is said previously, that was properly not taken into the twin studies account (Reinold Tropp, 2012). The turned out failure objection to be problematical in that research later clearly showed how to stimulation continuous is maintain to necessary any of the fading and gains showed up objection to be order correct under the certain condition like the social poor circumstances, poverty, simulation insufficient etc. So, in that kind of scenario this is impossible to newly rehearse sufficiently skills acquired. Actually, the genetics supporters have solid generated the research the simple problem that the findings are not to able changeability refuter of the intelligence; the instated research showed that the very important is the genes at the time of connected intelligence to inheritance (Sowa, 2014). Conclusion In the conclusion section that seems from the evidence that measured as IQ, intelligence under the perfect condition and to give the sufficient time, is malleable. By the perfect condition regular and appropriate emotional and the stimulation of educational is meant. Permanent and substantial gains will not seen in to the holidays of summer, on to the another side stimulation will may be in mathematical, verbal, special etc. The abilities at the intervals regular over the big period of the time that is persons IQ likely to improve and here the families stimulating and the schooling properly play by the role of enormous (Wankiewicz, 2014). Reference list Chuderski, A. (2014). How well can storage capacity, executive control, and fluid reasoning explain insight problem solving. Intelligence, 46, 258-270. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2014.07.010 Dempsey, L. (2011). Book Review: Ecological Intelligence: How Knowing the Hidden Impacts of What We Buy Can Change Everything. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24(2), 174-175. doi:10.1177/0894318411399466 Hampson, S. (2011). Book Review: Ecological Intelligence: How Knowing the Hidden Impacts of What We Buy Can Change Everything. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24(2), 176-177. doi:10.1177/0894318411399467 Harris, B. (2011). Book Review: Ecological Intelligence: How Knowing the Hidden Impacts of What We Buy Can Change Everything. Nursing Science Quarterly, 24(2), 177-179. doi:10.1177/0894318411399465 How America can create jobs. (2013). Physics Today. doi:10.1063/pt.4.0958 Jauovec, N., Jauovec, K. (2012). Sex differences in mental rotation and cortical activation patterns: Can training change them?. Intelligence, 40(2), 151-162. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2012.01.005 Lane, A. (2012). How Can We Measure What We Cannot See? Measurement Issues in Sport Psychology. Measurement And Control, 45(6), 187-190. doi:10.1177/002029401204500605 Ransom, P. (2012). How can schools help change negative attitudes to maths?. Seced, 2012(11). doi:10.12968/sece.2012.11.201 Reinold, T., Tropp, J. (2012). Integrated marketing communications: How can we measure its effectiveness?. Journal Of Marketing Communications, 18(2), 113-132. doi:10.1080/13527266.2010.489334 Sowa, J. (2014). Why Has Artificial Intelligence Failed? And How Can it Succeed?. Computacin Y Sistemas, 18(3). doi:10.13053/cys-18-3-2042 Wankiewicz, H. (2014). How can gender planning  contribute to tackle the challenges of demographic change?. European Countryside, 6(1). doi:10.2478/euco-2014-0006 Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., Oberauer, K. (2013). What is working memory capacity, and how can we measure it?. Frontiers In Psychology, 4. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00433

Capitalist Societies Economic Disparities

It is a fact that all capitalist societies have extreme economic disparities. The vast majority of a capitalistic country’s asset is usually under the control of a few wealthy individuals. In addition, the social and economic disparities of capitalism lead to inequalities in opportunities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Capitalist Societies Economic Disparities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A child born to wealthy parents will ultimately have more opportunities than a child born to poor parents. Lack of fairness in a capitalistic society is one of the major reasons that parties that oppose capitalism, use as a basis of their arguments. However, extreme defenders of capitalism claim that it does not lead to inequality. They claim that the main cause of inequality is government interference. Therefore, if the government leaves the market to regulate itself, there would be very low levels of inequalities. The argument of extreme defenders of capitalism is not convincing as the governments intervene to reduce inequality through wealth distribution. Moderate defenders of capitalism claim that lack of government intervention is the main factor that contributes to the high level of inequality in capitalist societies. Modification of the economic system through political action would lead to a significant reduction in inequality. The argument of these parties is valid, as government intervention has led to significant reduction of inequality and unemployment in various countries. On the other hand, certain defenders of capitalism claim that the benefits of capitalism outweigh its disadvantage due to inequality (Shaw and Barry 159). This argument is not convincing as an ideal economic system should improve the welfare of all people within the society. Capitalism views people as economic creatures. More people translate to a large market in a capitalistic society. Ideally, consumers should have knowledge of the diverse products in the market. They should use their knowledge to make informed buying decisions. However, today’s consumers face various difficulties in making informed choices. The large variety of products in the market necessitates consumers to possess a high level of literacy of the products. In addition, companies wield so much power. This enables the companies to influence the price and quality of various products, and create and shape markets.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Government’s intervention is not usually enough to curtail the powers of these companies. Therefore, consumers are at the mercy of the companies, who view them as a source of economic prosperity. Should the government and other agencies leave companies to act as they wish, companies may exploit consumers tremendously due to their immense power. However, government control only reduces level of exploitation. It is difficult for the government to eliminate exploitation of the consumers completely. Thus, capitalism reinforces the notions of individualism and materialism, which may disregard human morality (Shaw and Barry 160). People who defend capitalism claim that it has helped in improving the living standards of people. Capitalism has led to the production of various luxurious products that make people lead comfortable lives. Therefore, materialism improves the quality of lives of people. In addition, defenders of capitalism claim that companies do not wield so much power over the consumers. The government has the means of curtailing the powers of various companies. However, this argument is not convincing as in most cases, the government lacks the political will to curtail the powers of companies due to the economic benefits of industries to the country. In addition, the government may have vested interest in the companies. Works Cited Shaw, Willi am H. and Barry, Vincent. Moral issues in business, 12th edition. Wadsworth, CA: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print. This essay on Capitalist Societies Economic Disparities was written and submitted by user Marisol U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Genetically Modified Crops Position Essay

Genetically Modified Crops Position Essay Genetically Modified (Gm) foods are genetically modified organisms (GMO) that have their genome altered through genetic engineering techniques. The plants have been produced by techniques in which "foreign" genes are inserted into the microorganism, plant, or animal. The foreign genes are inserted into the GMO for some beneficial effect, (increase crop yield, insect resistance, and added nutrition). Numerous arguments dealing with GM foods, but the main arguments deal with the benefits and the risks.The argument used by biotech companies is that genetically engineered crops could be the next green revolution. They argue that GMOS can help people with insecure food supplies, especially in developing countries. For example, a genetically modified rice crop that is resistant to flooding and that can withstand being submerged for 3 weeks (usually rice crop dies underwater after one week) would mean a more secure food supply for many Asian countries. Another problem that has been devastat ing banana trees is the fungus Black Sigatoka.Top: Lesser cornstalk borer larvae extensively dam...The fungus kills banana trees and the only way of treating the fungus is with heavy doses of fungicides that are losing ground against the fungus as it builds up more and more resistance. Genetically modified banana trees that are resistant might be the only way to save many of our favorite banana varieties in grocery stores and help protect food supplies in tropical countries. Another great benefit that has nothing to do with nutrition that involve GMOs are crops that are produced for chemicals that are used in drugs and pharmaceuticals that have benefits from being able to produce many different type chemicals as well as mass production potential (GMO Compass).So genetically engineering is fairly or I should say some what embraced in the U.S. Why is that? If anyone researches GMOs on mainstream sources your notice something...

What are the negative effects of accounting scandals on the government Essay - 1

What are the negative effects of accounting scandals on the government - Essay Example Many governments have lost a lot of money on unscrupulous individuals; a fact that calls for a need for developing stringent control procedures that do not put the state employees in positions of committing fraud (Byun & Roland-Luttecke, 2014). According to Ball (2009), financial reporting is one of the root causes of accounting scandal. The rationale for financial reporting is to give financial information about entities that may be of use to the potential lenders, investors, creditors, and the government to guide it in decision-making. The state decisions may include buying or holding equity or providing guidance on whether to borrow money for development. Many cases exist where organizations and government officials exhibit discredited behavioral patterns. Primarily, there are three categories of people in an organization who engage in financial scandals. The dishonest individuals range from chief financial officers who always conceal their true picture and the performance of the government department to maintain their status and to keep aside personal income for their benefits. The middle and lower level of management always falsify information related to their area of work or responsibility (Enofe, 2010). The main aim of engaging in this form of financial accounting is to hide their poor performance abilities or to gain undeserving bonuses, which incurs losses to the government. At the organizational level, the institution can give false financial statements for getting access to credit facilities or inflating the prices of properties that the government is planning to sell. Whereas many governments have reviewed their financial auditing systems to tame accounting fraud, many frauds that have arisen from manipulated audit results are great indicators that financial auditing cannot be solely relied on as a fraud detection strategy. Fraudulent reporting, which is the major form of financial scandal can have negative consequences that may hurt not

Global entrepreneurship small business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global entrepreneurship small business - Essay Example Brand names are easily identified and provide the customer assurance of quality and reliability in the international market place. Thus standard items such as books, cassettes, compact disks, shoes, clothes, watches and other items can be sold on the internet. Sourcing can be from national vendors of multi nationals who are located in the place or country of purchase. Delivery can be through express mail service. Payments will be through credit card. A developed model of online shopping is online auction. At present a number of small enterprises are providing specialized online shopping and auction services. Some examples are oddspot.com and cookieartexchange.com1 Web space, web hosting solutions, site development, web marketing and other services can be provided very economically across the globe by small entrepreneurs. A large number of small businesses and organizations need a web presence today. Their requirement does not entail provision by multi national corporations or large business houses as IBM or Microsoft. These services can well be provided by small business men and entrepreneurs who can easily deliver these services including security solutions for web sites. E mail and data management services can also be provided.

The Aims Of Corporate Social Responsibility Commerce Essay

The Aims Of Corporate Social Responsibility Commerce Essay In 1960s, people were more concern about ethics in business and feel that company should respond in environment and social more than before. At that time, the aim of company was only maximize profit for investors. As a consequence, a new principle about more responsibility in running business was established. Business ethics are the accepted principles of right or wrong governing the conduct of business people. Kim Y. lecture (2009) The most common issues engage employee, human right and environmental regulations. After that, it was developed to Corporate Social Responsibility or CSR in 1970s. The entirety of CSR can be discerned into the three words contained within its phrase: corporate, social, and responsibility. Therefore, in broad terms, CSR covers the responsibilities corporations have to the societies within which they are based and operate. The University of Maimi (2009) The word corporate means a company that run an activities in order to gain the profit from an investment. Social means a group of people more than 15 people who have relationship or the same goal. The most important word is responsibility which means acceptance both of good and bad effect that occur by the company including the responding to prevent and correct the effect. The real definition of CSR has still discussed although there is considerable common between all of definitions. There are the different definitions. The social responsibility of the firm is to increase its profits. Friedman (1970) The social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time. Carroll (1979) In the Commissions policy Communication, CSR was defined as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. It is essentially to prepare to take to the lead and show the board and stakeholders voluntarily that they take CSR seriously. CSR is a win-win situation that companies increase their profitability and society benefits at the same time. The EUs Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs aims to build a business-friendly environment, so EU CSR policy is consequently compatible with this. Europa press releases (2009) The early CSR models represented by Sethi had three tiers for classifying corporate behavior which he labeled corporate social performance. First level is a social obligation which base on responding to legal and market constraints. Next level is social responsibility which is addressing societal norms, values and expectations of performance. The last level is social responsiveness which base on anticipatory and preventive adaptation to social needs. Sethi, S.P. (1975) Building on the former model, Carroll presented his CSR model as a pyramid that had four classes (economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic) in 1991. Carroll, A.B. (1979) The first class is economic responsibilities. It is a normal objective of company that is being profit. The next step after being profit is legal responsibilities. Law or rule controls the activities of the company. If the company does not obey the law, it might be charged or has to pay penalty fee or tax. These two steps are common in the business. Ethical responsibilities are the next level. The company can choose to do what is right and fair and avoid harm. For example, a company decides to donate some of profit to poor children. The highest level is philanthropic responsibilities which is a voluntary action no rule or no force to command. In 1980s, a new concept of CSR, stakeholder theory, was raised by Freeman. In the traditional view of the company, the shareholders or the owners of the firm get the most importance priority to achieve their need. In this model, the company converts the input of investors, suppliers and employees into salable outputs which customers buy in order to gain returning some capital benefit to the company. By this model, the companies only take in hand the needs of those four parties (investors or shareholders, suppliers, employees and customers). However, stakeholder theory argues that there are more other parties involved such as governmental agents, competitors and civil society. All of stakeholders get effect and take influence by the company. The stakeholder theory like a combination of traditional company and CSR which balances a maximize profit of investors and social responsibility in order to achieve business sustainability. Classifying by business process, there are two steps: CSR in process and CSR after process. Campaigns of reducing emissions or reducing the carbon footprint in production are examples of CSR in process which is not only following CSR campaign but also cost reduction. Other well known campaigns are mostly CSR after process. Europa press releases (2009) According to Wettsteins article about Beyond Voluntariness, Beyond CSR: Making a Case for Human Rights and Justice, CSR is a normative perception dealing with what corporations should do and how they ought to act. It is an inherently moral in nature. It is more than mere compliance with given laws and regulations. So it must automatically be voluntary, not be mandated by laws. WETTSTEIN F. (2009) There are many debates on CSR which is focus on recording of donating a share of their profits to charity by corporation. The core of CSR used to be seen as philanthropic responsibilities, so companies try to represent their social responsibility by increasing donating share of their profits to social. CSR was seen as external force in running a business. It was not a basis for legitimate business conduct but it was an equipment to give something back to the society that was neither commanded nor expected, but rather merely appreciated. Werrstein F. (2009) The examples of CSR Company There are a lot of companies that adopt CSR in their strategy and also a lot of ways to integrate CSR into the company both in process and after process such as donation, producing green products, improvement of human resource and protection an environment. The examples of CSR companies help to understand the step in the global strategic planning process. The first example is fashion field firm. In report about How ethical is your fashion?, Jane Shepherdson, who became chief executive of the Whistles womenswear chain, give her view that we need to be tempted into buying beautiful, ethical, sustainable clothes BBC News website (2008) In report about Primark fires child worker firms, there is more concern about CSR in fashion industry. For example, Nike has responded to consumer concerns about ethical standards by publishing details of all suppliers. Primark, the UK clothing firm on high street, has fired three Indian suppliers due to using child labors to make goods. The sub-contracted suppliers of Primark used child labor to carry out embroidery and sequin work. BBC News website (2008) The next example is in the pharmaceutical field. In 1987, Merck, the second-largest pharmaceutical company in the world and a global leader in consumer products and animal care, lunched the Merck MECTIZAN ® Donation Program (MDP) which is the largest on-going medical donation program. The MDP provides MECTIZAN for the treatment of river blindness in endemic countries. Since 1987, the MDP has approved more than 530 million treatments of MECTIZAN. With only one annual dose, MECTIZAN is well suited for distribution in isolated areas and the only well-tolerated drug known to halt the development of a disease. The company hoped that transmission of river blindness will be interrupted and the disease will be virtually eliminated by the continued use of MECTIZAN. Merck (2006) Marks Spencer (MS) is one of the UKs leading retailers of clothing, food and general merchandise such as womens clothing, menswear, lingerie, beauty and home. The founders of MS believed that building good relationships with employees, suppliers and wider society was the best guarantee of long-term success so they implement CSR in all business unit that have own CSR strategy. Their CSR strategies based around the brand value of trust and balanced with customer needs and all stakeholder expectations and are grouped into three areas which are people products and community. In 2004, MS launched The Marks Start community program focusing in preparing people ready for work. Target groups are the young unemployed, disabled people, parents returning to work and school students. The program provided individuals a taste of life in a working atmosphere and the confidence and ability to achieve employment. MS allocate their employees as a buddy. The program has improved staff morale and contr ibuted to make MS as a great place to work and they felt that they had increased their skills. The philosophy of MS is helping others to help themselves so MS provide knowledge and experience in order to let them stay in the world buy themselves. Article 13 (2005) In 2008, Exxon Mobil Corporation, the U.S.-based energy giant, provided a combined $189.1 million in cash, goods and services worldwide. Rex W. Tillerson, Chairman and CEO of Exxon Mobil, said that the goal of our Corporate Citizenship Report in 2008 is to detail our performance and commitment in our most significant citizenship areas: corporate governance, safety and health, environmental performance, managing climate change risks, economic development, and human rights and security. The company pays attention to many social responsibilities such as education, environment, health, womens economic opportunity initiative and worldwide giving. Exxon Mobil received Malaria Award from Global Business Coalition in 2008. Malaria is one of the successful projects. It has fight with Malaria in Africa where the firm operates for more than eight years. The company recognized through their employees in Africa what an impact of malaria on their lives and the economic development. So Exxon Mobil decided to fight against malaria through the companys Africa Health Initiative. Exxon Mobils website (2008) Last but not least, Nestlà © UK has provided assistance to improve farmers livelihoods through productivity and quality improvements including setting up an eco-friendly, post-harvest treatment. Nestlà © is currently helping over 3,500 of the poorest coffee farmers in El Salvador and Ethiopia where has benefited of fair premium prices in trade for high quality Arabica coffee beans. The Partners Blend project helps farmers grow higher quality coffee, develop communities, increase yield and achieve a higher standard of life. With this program, Nestlà © applies sustainable approach to particularly poor producing communities in those areas. After successful in the UK, Ireland and Sweden have followed up that will be launching fair-trade certified coffee products. A long term commitment of Nestlà © is developing sustainable agricultural practices in order to help relieve hardship and poverty for poor farmers. Supporting their farmers also helps Nestlà © to assure continuous supply hi gh quality of coffee beans. This program increases a good reputation and brand of Nestlà © in social responsibility area. Nestlà © (2006) The impact of CSR in the business In tracking the impact of CSR by Jeffrey Marshall, Geoffrey Heal, Garrett Professor of Public Policy and Business Responsibility and professor of economics and finance at Columbia University, was interviewed about impact of CSR. According to the interview, companies are for-profit entities but there is a change going on in terms of the pressures that society puts on businesses to address social and environmental issues. He gave example of companies that pay attention to society and environment. He noted about green company that there are two issues going on this topic. In the one side, customers are willing to pay more if they can buy green product which is likely another factor quality of product. At the same time, the firms are able to increase product price due to insensitive price customer in green products. An argument about short term of financial position of CSR companies was issued in the downturn economic. However, the companies recognize that CSR is long term investment in the brand and reputation. The recruitment is a bunch of different issues. This issue was raised by Mark Tercek, senior executives of Goldman Sachs. It is increasingly critical in recruitment and retention to have a really positive social and environmental profile. New hires concern not just salary or the status of the firm but they want to work for the company that makes them proud to be in that company. CSR is a factor that encourages new hires to work with that company. Jeffrey M (2008) In 2000, the trend of CSR boomed. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentHYPERLINK http://www.oecd.org/ releases guidelines for multinational enterprises. The richest countries in the world launched the rule for their member of blocking company that does not adopt CSR. So without CSR program, lots of traditional company cannot trade with companies in OECD. OECD (2009) Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) or green investment in the past is a new impact from CSR to investment. Ethical Investment means avoiding invest in bad things such as cigarette, alcohol drinks or weapons. There have investment funds which invest only in CSR companies. It is clear that CSR is one way of non tariff discriminations in the modern world. It does not stick as a law but it effect doing business in international environment. The consequences of adopting CSR Learning about the consequences of CSR help to understand the purpose of mission of CSR. What should they do? what have they done? There are many arguments about the consequences of concerning of Corporate Social Responsibility. In this part of report, the advantages or benefits and disadvantages or risk of adopting CSR are discussed. Philip Kotler, Marketing Guru, gave an opinion about benefits of CSR. He mentioned that the first benefit is increasing sale volume and market share. He noted that it is not directly relate between CSR and profit. But CSR provides more opportunity for company that concern about CSR. Philip K. 2005 At lease, Working with CSR is better than does not. Reduction on cost of goods sold is another benefit. In the business process, if the firm can drive out more quality of employees or cut out some substances from processes that means reduce cost of process as well. Philip K. 2005 There is often a direct benefit to profitability. CSR is not only for external society but also internal responsibility. If the companies pay attention to their employees such as training , environment in work place and work-life balance, this increase satisfaction and loyalty from their employments. This also helps productivity and product quality. Europa press releases (2009) However, Public relationship which is the way that companies communicate with public and marketing are the next issue. If the companies present their CSR news, it encourages and sparks correspondents and investors to pay attention in the company. Philip K. 2005 Moreover, an advantage of company image, brand and reputation is another advantage of CSR. Europa press releases (2009) The benefit is brand positioning and reputation. Philip K. 2005 In Philips perspective, CSR is a challenge of the company. It is not easy or too difficult to achieve CSR. He recommended three step of developing CSR. First is choosing the suitable topic and then pick the popular or innovation way. Last step is implementing and present the success. Finally, evaluation is important to be a lesson in the future. Philip K. 2005 In Business green website, it raises the issue that green consumer spending defies the downturn. In this difficult economic climate, consumer spending generally drops. But a major report shows that green market products and services grow by a recession-busting five percent or  £6.4 billion in value. According to the report by Guardian newspaper, customer expenditure rose on a various range of green products and services such as green energy tariffs, energy-efficient appliances and small-scale renewable energy projects. However, it noted that while the green market has defied expectations and continued to grow steadily in recent years, this sector still accounts for less than one per cent of total consumer expending. Cath E. (2009) Even though, this is an economic downturn or economic crisis but CSR remains a priority for the companies being part of long-term strategy. Although, in this situation, the companies might be pressure to reduce their CSR projects. As the same time, in short-term strategy, the board should advocate that companies especially in financial department pay more attention on ethics and social needs. Overall, thoughtfulness of short-term social needs and long-term strategy should persuade companies to keep to their CSR strategies through this downturn time. Europa press releases (2009) Many of the global problems we are facing today cannot be solved by any single actor alone anymore. They require joint action of a variety of actors and sectors, all with a genuine interest in truly global solutions. Multinational corporations must offer their support where their expertise is key for improving the global human rights situation. New forms of governance such as public policy networks or other forms of public-private partnerships have become increasingly effective in addressing complex global problems. WETTSTEIN F. (2009) Conclusion From the past, the traditional view of the role of the company is only maximizing their profit for investors. If the company avoids destroying environment or hiring child labor, it only causes by the law. In the new view of the role of the company or CSR program, the company concerns more in their employees, human rights, environment and corruption. CSR is not rule; the companies do not have to follow but them willing to do the good thing to society and respond for the effect of their actions. As can be seem in examples, there are more and more companies that adopt CSR in their strategy. The biggest advantages of being with CSR are reputation and reduce cost of goods sold. There also are a lot of issues around CSR and CSI that should be research in detail for impact of concerning on social.

Toyota: a Glimpse of Leadership, Organizational Leadership, and Organizational Structure

Toyota: A Glimpse of Leadership, Organizational Behavior, and Organizational Structure Courtney Berry Organizational behavior is the study of application of individuals’ behaviors within structured groups within an organization (Robbins & Judge, 2007). The field of study identifies behaviors within specific groups and individuals in organizations and how the structures of organizations play a role in behaviors (Robbins & Judge, 2007). In the past several months, the leading company in the car industry has been experiencing a quality control and consumer product safety issue. Toyota is not only encountering a quality control issue but also a senior management crisis issue. The corporate leadership team of Toyota did not recognize the importance of addressing the consumer safety issue with the sticking accelerator and not to mention the huge public relations blunder that came with it. Does this failure to address a quality control issue and a real senior management public relations issue have anything to do with Toyota’s leadership, organizational behavior, and organizational structure? Leadership, organizational behavior, and organization structure Toyota’s thought on leadership is to empower employees and develop their people. If the employee has not learned a specific task, the leader has not done a good job (Womack & Shook, 2007). Plan, Do, Check, and Action (PDCA) Cycle is something that Toyota implements (Womack & Shook, 2007). This cycle engages employees to question products and processes and implement new action. Senior leadership is also expected to perform this. In fact, senior leadership regularly makes visits to the plant floors to engage with people and help with processes. This type of leadership employs mutual adjustment and interaction from both the employees and leadership. Leadership has much to do with behaviors within an organization. Organizational behavior looks at behaviors on an individual, group, and organizational level and how the levels are interelated. According to Henry Mintzberg, organizational behaviors can be grouped into three primary categories: interpersonal, informational, and decisional (Robbins & Judge, 2003). These behaviors are found at the managerial role but play an mportant and predictive role at determining the behaviors of an organization and its structure. When Toyota led the way in the car industry the organization was firing on all cylinders in their organizational behavior. At the individual level, job satisfaction empowers the employees to make decisions on the line and create effcient processes that lead to high production. At the group level, communication and decisions are made across multiple teams and employees to engineer the highest level of product leadership (Womack & Shook, 2007). The organizational level mirrors the individual and group level that creates a culture of pride within Toyota. This organizational pride creates a culture of employees with a belief that Toyota engineers the best products. Organizational structure is the backbone to the strategy of an organization. It helps carry out new strategies by differing structure designs and parameters in which individuals and groups communicate within organizations (Mintzber, Lampel, Quinn, & Ghoshal, 2003). The car industry typically mirrors the machine organizational structure. The work is highly standardized and is designed to run by a large technostructure to formalize behaviors and actions (Mintzber, et al, 2003). The structure of this design typically limits power at the operator level. This type of horizontal structure ends up not engaging the people at the organization and does not benefit the customer as a whole (Mitzber, et al, 2003). Toyota, while a machine organization, does not place value vertically and rather creates power horizontally. The organization has a history of empowering their operators with knowledge and career paths. Toyota is noted for this. Conclusion Toyota’s leadership and organizational structure does not predicate the failure for senior management to fail to address a quality control and product issue as well as a public relations issue. The organization’s role of interpersonal communication and decisions made both vertically and horizontally within its structure would lend to fix a problem and engineer the best product. All employees are empowered to ask why an accelerator should be engineered with a certain spec and require certain raw materials. The leadership and structure creat high quality product processes. The organizational behavior could have explained the blunder on senior management to fail to address a quality control issue based on the culture. According to Benjamin Heineman, Toyota’s culture of, â€Å"We did it right, the problem is small, the critics are wrong† (paragraph 5, 2010). Toyota’s culture and pride of engineering the best could have predicted this public relations blunder that has striped consumer confidence and may lead to a business failure or a chief executive officer stepping down. References Heineman, B. W. (2010). Flunking Crisis Management 101. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://views. washingtonpost. com/leadership/panelists/2010/02/crisis-management-recall. html Mintzberg, H. , Lampel, J. , Quinn, J. B. , & Ghoshal, S. (2003). The strategy process: Concepts, contexts, cases (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2007). Organizational behavior (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Womack, J. P. & Shook, J.. (2007, October). Lean Management and the Role of Lean Leadership [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www. lean. org/images/october_webinar_project_slides. PDF.

Flexible Firm Hrm

Assignment 2 (a)Outline the main forms of flexibility as defined in Atkinson’s (1984) model of the flexible firm (b) What are some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Atkinson model? ANSWER PLAN: ?Introduction/Background oWhat are the aims of flexibility oGuest (1987) de-centralisation helps to create flexibility oWhat are the main forms of flexibility that modern organisation need ?Body: 4 types of flexibility oFunctional/Temporal/Numerical/Financial ?Body 2: Atkinson’s Model oCore group oFrist/Second peripheral groups How each of these differ oOutsourcing activities/ Agency / Self-employed/Sub-contracting ?Advantages / Disadvantages of Atkinson’s model ?Criticism ?Conclusion In highly competitive environment, organisations need to be able to react quickly and effectively to changes. David Guest (1987) in advocating de-centralisation emphasised the role it plays in increasing flexibility within an organisation. He cited flexibility as one of the keys to respo nding effectively to changes in the environment, and that it is essential for organisational success.The main forms of flexibility in modern organisation according to Blyton and Morris (1992) are four: Functional, Temporal, Numerical and Financial. Functional flexibility involves the task of multi-skilling where employees are required to possess one specific skill and many other generalist ones. This means a reduced specialisation of roles with individuals being trained to carry out a much wider range of activities than before. The purpose of numerical flexibility is to expand and contract the labour force according to specific demand for it.In times of expansion, more workers are required. Conversely a smaller workforce is needed if the business is decreasing. The third form is temporal flexibility. In this case the number and distribution of hours varies. It concerns different approaches to managing the time of employees, such as â€Å"annual hours contracts† where there is a total number of hours to be worked but actual hours will vary according to circumstances. Finally, financial flexibility involves the way that an individual’s payment varies in ways which best allow it to meet objectives.At the individual level this can mean pay-related-performance or multiple pay strategies such as bonuses, dividends and share options. Atkinson developed a model of what he called the flexible firm which brings together a number of aspects of flexibility. This model is shown below: The model consists of a core group, first and second peripheral groups and outsourcing activities. The core group include the full-time, generalist skilled workers who are expected to keep learning and adapting to changes.This is the permanent component of the firm’s workforce; they are the ones with the most job security, and they have better opportunities for training and promotion. They are relatively few in the organisation. This group provides flexibility through its commitment because they are the permanent ones. In contrast, peripheral workers provide a firm with numerical flexibility. The first peripheral group is normally full-time but does not have the same job security as the core workers. Their numbers increase or reduce with changing labour market conditions.The second peripheral group is employed on a part-time basis, with short-term contracts. They tend to be less well paid and have fewer rights and benefits than the first peripheral group. Less is invested in them as far as training and opportunities for promotion are concerned. As a final alternative if necessary, organisations can outsource functions as a means of generating flexibility. These are contracted to do specific work and are more expensive; outsourced flexibility comes at a premium price.An example of outsourcing services is office cleaning where an agency is contracted to carry out the cleaning of the office on a continuing basis. In times of recession, peripheral or no n-full-time workers are much more likely to be made redundant. The advantages of the Atkinson model for the organisation include: a more easily controlled and managed workforce; core employees being more committed due to enriched jobs (Soft HRM); the facility for bringing in skills as required and cost saving and low wage costs for part-time workers.The disadvantages include: risk of lack of specialist expertise due to multi-skilling and issues connected with loyalty and security. Firstly loyalty, because they are not bound by permanent contract, there is no guarantee that the worker will continue to be available. They may also lack necessary training as the organisation will be focusing more on the core workers because the more you move to peripheral workers the more you want to contain costs, therefore minimal training is offered.Atkinson’s model is criticised because many organisations will have core, peripheral and outsourced workers without having the Atkinson’s m odel in mind. In other words even when flexibility is practiced, it is not because of his model. The requirement for flexibility happened in organisations before he developed his model. In conclusion flexibility can take a number of different forms as proposed by Blyton and Morris. It helps the organisation react to changes faster and more effectively. The four types of flexibility link to The Atkinson’s model which illustrates how organisations are structured.Managers value the model to a degree of financial flexibility because it separates core workers from peripheral workers. It helps them taking decisions on who to contract. High level skills can be brought in when necessary and outsourced tasks can end up being less expensive, as the termination of the contract is simple. There are a number of potential advantages and disadvantages of workforce flexibility, depending on which group is considered. The flexible firm emphasises the need for organisations to be flexible and have the capability to adapt to constantly changing circumstances.

5 Misconceptions About Natural Selection and Evolution